Jack the Ripper Old Ordinance Survay Map White chapel Bloody Murders Antique UK

Jack the RipperMap of Whitechapel
This Reproduction of a "Jack The Ripper" Ordnance Survey Map of old London Town
Printed by a proffesional printing company on paper similar to the original
The map is 220mm x 210mm
in Excellent Condition
Sorry about the poor quality photos. The map looks a lot better in real lifeWould make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake Souvenir of very poignant
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Jack the Ripper English murderer Written by Fact-checked by Last Updated: Jan 23, 2025 • Article History Quick Facts Flourished: August 1888 - November 1888 Top Questions Who was Jack the Ripper? Is the identity of Jack the Ripper known? Who were Jack the Ripper’s victims? News • Descendant of one of Jack the Ripper’s victims calls for new inquest to name him • Jan. 21, 2025, 6:58 AM ET (The Star) newspaper coverage of a murder committed by Jack the Ripper newspaper coverage of a murder committed by Jack the RipperFront page of a newspaper reporting on a murder committed by Jack the Ripper, September 1888. Jack the Ripper, pseudonymous murderer of at least five women in or near the Whitechapel district of London’s East End between August and November 1888. The case is one of the most famous unsolved mysteries of English crime. the discovery of one of Jack the Ripper's victims 1 of 4 the discovery of one of Jack the Ripper's victimsPolice discovering one of Jack the Ripper's victims, probably Catherine Eddowes. letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper 2 of 4 letter allegedly written by Jack the RipperThe first page of a letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper, September 25, 1888. letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper 3 of 4 letter allegedly written by Jack the RipperThe second page of a letter allegedly written by Jack the Ripper, September 25, 1888. coverage of Jack the Ripper in The Illustrated Police News 4 of 4 coverage of Jack the Ripper in The Illustrated Police NewsThe front page of The Illustrated Police News featuring sketches of two suspects (centre), October 20, 1888. Some dozen murders between 1888 and 1892 have been speculatively attributed to Jack the Ripper, but only five of those, all committed in 1888, were linked by police to a single murderer. The so-called “canonical five” victims were Mary Ann Nichols (whose body was found on August 31), Annie Chapman (found September 8), Elizabeth Stride (found September 30), Catherine (Kate) Eddowes (found September 30), and Mary Jane Kelly (found November 9). According to the common assumption of the time, all the victims were prostitutes and all but one of them, Kelly, was murdered while soliciting on the street. That belief was subsequently taken for granted in books about the crimes, which typically offered conjectures as to the true identity of Jack the Ripper and reported graphic details of the murders he committed (many of these books, however, were based on fraudulent claims and documents). In a radical departure from that genre, The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper (2019), the British social historian Hallie Rubenhold argued that Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes were not prostitutes; that Stride had resorted to soliciting only occasionally, during periods of desperate poverty and emotional suffering (but there is no evidence to show that she had been soliciting when she was murdered); and that the only verifiable prostitute among the five was Kelly. In Rubenhold’s view, the notion that Jack the Ripper was a murderer of prostitutes was a consequence of the misogynistic and class-based prejudices characteristic of the Victorian era. In each instance, the victim’s throat was cut, and the body was usually mutilated in a manner indicating that the murderer had at least some knowledge of human anatomy. On one occasion, half of a human kidney, which may have been extracted from a murder victim, was mailed to the police. The authorities also received a series of taunting notes from a person calling himself Jack the Ripper and purporting to be the murderer. Strenuous and sometimes curious efforts were made to identify and trap the killer, all to no avail. A great public uproar over the failure to arrest the murderer was raised against the home secretary and the London police commissioner, who resigned soon afterward. graphic of a person standing holding a knife. murder, kill, serial killer, stab Britannica Quiz Famous Serial Killers The case has retained its hold on the popular imagination, in part because known instances of serial murder were much rarer at the time than they are today. Jack the Ripper has provided themes for numerous literary and dramatic works. Perhaps the most notable was the horror novel The Lodger (1913) by Marie Adelaide Lowndes, which inspired numerous films, including Alfred Hitchcock’s The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1927). The most commonly cited suspects are Montague Druitt, a barrister and teacher with an interest in surgery who was said to be insane and who disappeared after the final murders and was later found dead; Michael Ostrog, a Russian criminal and physician who had been placed in an asylum because of his homicidal tendencies; and Aaron Kosminski, a Polish Jew and a resident of Whitechapel who was known to have a great animus toward women (particularly prostitutes) and who was hospitalized in an asylum several months after the last murder. Several notable Londoners of the era, such as the painter Walter Sickert and the physician Sir William Gull, also have been subjects of such speculation. The murder sites have become the locus of a macabre tourist industry in London. John Philip Jenkins The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Politics, Law & Government Law, Crime & Punishment forensic science Written by Fact-checked by Last Updated: Feb 7, 2025 • Article History Related Topics: autopsy forensic anthropology forensic medicine forensic psychology digital forensics forensic science, the application of the methods of the natural and physical sciences to matters of criminal and civil law. Forensic science can be involved not only in investigation and prosecution of crimes such as rape, murder, and drug trafficking but also in matters in which a crime has not been committed but in which someone is charged with a civil wrong (see tort), such as willful pollution of air or water or causing industrial injuries. Almost any science can be a forensic science because almost any science can contribute to solving a crime or evaluating a civil harm. In fact, with few exceptions, forensic sciences are no different in what they study than traditional sciences. The only difference is that forensic scientists apply the methods and techniques of established sciences to legal matters. A new technique for forensic hair analysis A new technique for forensic hair analysisHair fibre analysis becomes a viable forensic crime tool thanks to new techniques developed by scientists to reveal lifestyles of potential suspects. See all videos for this article Short descriptions of each of the main areas of forensic science follow. Forensic anthropology There are a number of applications of anthropology to the forensic sciences. A large part of physical anthropology deals with skeletal biology, which includes bone and bone system structures and their relationships to characteristics such as gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, and so forth. That knowledge can be applied to the examination of characteristics of skeletal remains that are part of a crime scene. In such cases, the goal of the analysis may be to determine the identity of the deceased person and, perhaps, the cause of death. To those ends, forensic anthropologists make use of a number of unique techniques. Two major types of human-remains evidence confront the forensic anthropologist. First is the single bone or bone fragment or small group of bones. When that is the only type of evidence present, the forensic anthropologist seeks to determine if the bone is human and, if not, what type of animal the bone belongs to. If the sample is human bone, then the anthropologist will determine the part of the body from which it came. For example, if a single human arm bone is recovered from a field, there will most likely be other human bones belonging to the same individual around also. The second major type of forensic anthropological evidence is the complete (or nearly complete) skeleton. From that evidence, the accomplished forensic anthropologist may be able to determine gender, race, approximate age, stature, and approximate socioeconomic status. If there is damage to some of the bones, the anthropologist may be able to determine what type of trauma caused it. If the skull is present, it may be possible to prepare an approximate face on the skull using skull superimposition—building a face out of clay using average thickness measurements developed by anatomists, pathologists, and anthropologists. Investigators may then publish a picture of the face to see if it evokes a response from a relative of a missing person. If a possible match to the skeleton is found and there are antemortem pictures available, then a new video superimposition technique may be used. That technique utilizes two cameras to superimpose the skull over the picture of the actual face to determine if the skull could be the right one. Criminalistics Criminalistics can be defined as the application of scientific methods to the recognition, collection, identification, and comparison of physical evidence generated by criminal or illegal civil activity. It also involves the reconstruction of such events by evaluation of the physical evidence and the crime scene. Are you a student? Get a special academic rate on Britannica Premium. Criminalists, usually called “forensic scientists,” analyze evidence such as body fluids in order to determine if DNA in those fluids matches blood found at a crime scene (see DNA fingerprinting). Other forensic scientists may help identify, collect, and evaluate physical evidence at a crime scene. Forensic engineering Forensic engineering uses the concepts of mechanical, chemical, civil, and electrical engineering as tools in the reconstruction of crimes and accidents and the determination of their cause. A major component of that work involves traffic accident reconstruction. To determine what may have caused the accident, forensic engineers use evidence such as skid marks; damage to cars and their positions after the accident; road and environmental conditions; injuries to drivers, passengers, and pedestrians; and witness accounts. In developing their explanations, engineers may work in concert with forensic pathologists, toxicologists, criminalists, and other engineers. Some forensic engineers specialize in marine incidents or aircraft crashes. Another major area of forensic engineering is failure analysis. Mechanical, chemical, civil, and structural engineers all bring their skills to bear on problems involving how and why buildings or other structures deteriorate or fail prematurely. An example of such work was the collapse of a walkway high above the lobby of the Kansas City Hyatt Regency Hotel in 1981, which killed and injured many people. Forensic engineers were called in to determine why the balcony collapsed. A somewhat unusual application of forensic engineering involves animals on farms where high-voltage power lines or communication transmission lines pass overhead. For many years, there have been suggestions by farmers that transient currents from these power lines affect the health of their animals, including cows’ ability to give milk. Many electrical engineers have studied this problem and cases have ended up in court. Forensic engineers are usually educated engineers who have earned a doctorate and who develop expertise in one or more of the forensically important disciplines. There are no university graduate programs in forensic engineering; most of the expertise is developed on the job, perhaps working with more-experienced practitioners. Jurisprudence Most members of the jurisprudence section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences are lawyers. They have a strong interest in the legal aspects of the status of scientific evidence in the courts. They study and comment on the admissibility of scientific evidence, especially new types of evidence. They are also concerned with the role of forensic science in general in the criminal justice system and about ethical issues as they apply to judges and lawyers. Some of the lawyers have a strong background themselves in scientific issues and are well positioned to work with other lawyers and scientists on such matters. Forensic odontology Perhaps a more familiar term for this branch would be forensic dentistry. There are several important applications of dentistry to the forensic sciences. One of the most long-standing and important is the identification of a body from its dentition, which may be the only reliable way of identifying human remains in mass disasters, such as airplane crashes, fires, or wars. A body may be too badly damaged to have any fingerprints or usable DNA for typing, but dentition is very hardy and can survive crashes, fires, and even explosions. The forensic dentist can obtain an X-ray of the surviving teeth and compare it to antemortem dental X-rays. Of course, there must be some information about the possible identity of the body, and there must be some antemortem X-rays available for comparison. Almost anyone who has been to a dentist will have dental X-rays on file, so the main difficulty in such analysis is knowing whose X-rays to compare to the dental remains. A comparison of dental X-rays can lead to a definitive identification. Forensic dentists also have an important role in the analysis of facial injuries received in a suspected battering. Their work is especially important in the case of children who may be brought to an emergency room at a hospital with facial injuries. A forensic dentist may be able to verify or refute a claim that the injuries were accidental, as a result of falling down a flight of stairs, for example. In such analysis, the forensic dentist will work closely with emergency room physicians and nurses and perhaps forensic pathologists. A relatively recent application of forensic dentistry is in the area of bite mark analysis. In many sex-crime and homicide situations, the perpetrator may bite the victim. Often the bites are deep, and the resulting marks may persist for a long time, especially if the victim is bitten after death. During the postmortem exam, the pathologist can take a cast of the bite mark using dental plaster or some other medium. That cast can be compared with a cast taken of the suspect’s dentition. Everyone’s teeth are believed to be unique in their bite surfaces (taken as a whole), and thus the comparison can individualize the bite mark to a particular person. Such evidence can show up in a variety of crimes. During one reported case of burglary in England, for example, the perpetrator evidently became hungry and took a bite out of a piece of Swiss cheese, leaving a mark that was traced back to his mouth. A more serious and notorious case in which bite mark evidence was important was that of the American serial killer Ted Bundy. Bundy was believed to have killed more than 40 people, most of them young women. One of his habits was to bite his victims, often after they were dead, as he did in the case of one of his last murders in Florida. A forensic odontologist was able to match a bite mark impression taken from the victim’s flesh to Bundy’s dentition. That identification was pivotal evidence in Bundy’s conviction. Forensic dentists are, of course, first and foremost, dentists. They should have a particular interest and expertise in taking and interpreting dental X-rays or bite marks, or they should have some special training or expertise in the interpretation of facial injuries. Forensic pathology In cases of suspicious death, a forensic pathologist is charged with determining the cause and manner of death. In the United States, each state has its own regulations that govern what constitutes a forensic case, and each has a system to accomplish the tasks of forensic pathology. Many states have a medical examiner system, in which a city or county will have a chief medical examiner, who must be a physician. The chief medical examiner will, in turn, have a number of associate medical examiners who perform the actual duties of the forensic pathologist. Other states have a coroner system, in which the chief officer may not be a physician but employs forensic pathologists to carry out the necessary duties. Forensic pathologists have three major duties to perform. They are called to crime scenes to make a preliminary examination of the body and perhaps an initial determination of the postmortem interval (the time since death). They will take charge of the body and direct the trained death scene investigators to carefully prepare and remove the body and transport it to the morgue for later analysis. Forensic pathologists determine the cause and manner of death by use of the postmortem examination, or autopsy. The autopsy entails careful dissection of the body to search for injury patterns, disease, or poisoning that may point to the ultimate cause of death. In that activity, the forensic pathologist will work closely with forensic toxicologists, who take tissue samples and determine what, if any, substances may be in the body that could have caused or contributed to death. Forensic pathologists also work closely with criminal investigators so as to get a complete picture of the circumstances surrounding the death. At times, the forensic pathologist may consult with forensic anthropologists or entomologists in helping to reach relevant conclusions about the cause and manner of death. When a person dies, a physician must complete and sign a death certificate. In all forensic cases, the certificate must list a manner of death. The possible manners of death are homicide, accident, suicide, and natural causes. In some states, one of those four must be listed. In other states, the pathologist is also permitted to enter “undetermined” or a variant. Although the determination may be straightforward in a normal case, it can be problematic in a death of suspicious origin. The final duty of the forensic pathologist is to render opinions in court as to the cause and manner of death. Medical examiners and coroners are called to court quite often and must be able to present their testimony without shocking the jury. Many times, judges will limit or not admit gory photos of the deceased for fear of prejudicing the jury. Forensic pathologists are physicians who specialize in pathology through a residency that may extend three to four years beyond medical school. An additional one-year residency in forensic pathology will enable a pathologist to become certified in forensic pathology. In complicated death cases, it is easy for an untrained pathologist to make a mistake in determining the cause and manner of death, which may lead to a miscarriage of justice. It is therefore important to encourage pathologists to become certified if they are going to be doing forensic work. Forensic entomology In addition to forensic pathology, there are other biological sciences that have important forensic applications, including forensic entomology. It has been said that the first visitors to a corpse, especially one left outdoors, are insects. Many different types of insects will seek out a corpse and inhabit it for a short time, to deposit their eggs or larvae and to feed on the body. The role of the forensic entomologist is mainly to help determine the postmortem interval by examining which insect populations inhabit the body. Certain insects will attack the body right after death, whereas others will wait until some decay has taken place. Knowledge of this pattern of insect succession can give important information about when the person died. Accurate determination of the postmortem interval takes a great deal of training and education, because many environmental factors—such as temperature, humidity, moisture, burial conditions, and type of clothing—may need to be considered. There have been poisoning cases in which the only source of the poison after decay of a body was the insects who had ingested the poison. Strictly speaking, this is not part of forensic entomology, but it does involve insect behaviour after death. Most forensic entomologists are employed by universities full-time and will lend their knowledge and skills to law enforcement agencies on an as-needed basis. Very few people practice forensic entomology as their only vocation. Psychiatry and behavioral science The general area of behavioral forensic science has expanded greatly since the mid-20th century. Forensic psychiatrists (and to some extent psychologists) have long been involved in determining whether persons are mentally competent to stand trial and to aid in their own defense. Although each U.S. state has its own standards for determining competence, the question usually reduces to whether a defendant had the mental capacity to form an intent to commit a crime. Intent is usually considered to be a prime factor in determining whether a crime has been committed. In addition to this role of the behavioral forensic scientist, there are several other emerging duties. One is in the area of psychological crime scene reconstruction and psychological profiling. People who repeat the same type of crime are known as serial criminals. Such people usually have particular motivations and reasons for committing that type of crime and will tend to form behavioral patterns that show up time after time. A trained behavioral scientist can uncover some of these patterns and help predict when, how, and against whom the serial criminal will strike next. Such predictions may enable the police to prevent the next crime in the series. In addition, ritualistic behaviour by serial criminals may result in crime scene clues that can enable a behavioral scientist to develop a physical and psychological profile of the perpetrator, which can help the police narrow their search. Behavioral scientists also engage in other activities that are less well known to the public. They may, for example, be called upon to develop a physical and behavioral profile of a likely airplane hijacker so that airport security personnel can look out for such people and pay extra attention to their movements in the airport. A very important role of a behavioral forensic scientist is in interviewing and interrogating suspects and witnesses to crimes. Those processes may involve the use of a polygraph to help determine the veracity of a statement being given by a witness or suspect. Scientists who engage in such activities have an intimate knowledge of police procedures and criminology. Behavioral scientists usually have advanced degrees in psychiatry or clinical psychology or criminology. They also usually have some type of law enforcement experience that enables them to understand the behavioral aspects of crime. Questioned-document analysis Questioned-document analysis involves a number of areas of forensic inquiry. It is an apprenticeship field, requiring years of practice and work with an experienced examiner. The most familiar area of questioned-document examination is handwriting analysis. Here the examiner is called upon to determine if a particular person was the author of a document. The examiner compares characteristics of the questioned document with those of a document either previously written by the suspect or purposely taken as a known handwriting sample, also called an exemplar. There are no universal standards for the number of characteristics that must be present in order for the document examiner to conclude that a particular person was the author of a document. It is up to the individual examiner to determine when there is sufficient evidence. Forensic document examiners may be called upon to determine if a particular instrument made a typewritten or printed document or if a particular copier made a copy of a document. Unless there are some unusual characteristics or defects in the instrument, it is generally not possible to answer such questions definitively. Document examiners are also called upon to examine alterations in documents such as erasures, addition of material, obliterated writing, and charred documents. Such work involves chemical analysis as well as physical and observational techniques. Examiners are frequently asked to determine the age of a document, particularly those that are handwritten in ink. A document may consist of a number of entries made at different times, and questions may arise as to whether a particular entry was made at a purported time. In other cases, the age of an entire document may be called into question. The determination of the age of the ink on a document is accomplished by uncovering changes in the chemical composition of the ink that take place over time. A similar type of analysis may also be done on the paper, especially if ink was not used to write the document. Toxicology Toxicology is the analysis and identification of poisons and drugs in the body. Forensic toxicology is the application of such analysis to cases in which death or injury may have been caused by the ingestion of drugs or poisons. By far the most common kinds of cases examined by forensic toxicologists involve drunk or drugged driving. Every U.S. state has a set of laws that govern the use of alcohol while operating or driving a motor vehicle. Each state sets limits for the permissible level of alcohol in a driver’s bloodstream. Usually there are two categories of intoxication: “impaired” and “under the influence.” The latter requires a higher concentration of alcohol. In many states, merely having a blood alcohol level greater than the limit constitutes an offense. In other states, there must also be a demonstration that the driver was actually impaired or under the influence of alcohol. That demonstration is accomplished by requiring the driver to undergo a series of motor coordination tests. The role of the forensic toxicologist in such cases is to measure the quantity of alcohol in the body, usually by blood analysis, and then to explain the effects of that quantity on the person’s ability to drive. Toxicologists are often asked to “back calculate” what the alcohol concentration in a person’s blood may have been at an earlier time, although this can be a difficult undertaking owing to the large number of variables. Forensic toxicologists have also been called upon to interpret cases in which a driver has been using a drug—usually illicit—and then driving. There are no established limits for the amount of a drug that can be present in order for a driver to be impaired or under the influence. Therefore, a forensic toxicologist must be intimately familiar with the effects of many types of drugs on motor coordination. In many states, the presence of any amount of a drug that can be reliably detected by a forensic toxicologist constitutes enough to affect the driver. In addition to drunk or drugged driving cases, forensic toxicologists handle cases in which there has been an overdose of an illicit drug, which may contribute to or cause death. The toxicologist must be able to determine blood levels of the drugs or their metabolites and to interpret those findings and ascertain the role that the drug played in the person’s death. In many cases, more than one drug is taken or a drug may be taken in conjunction with alcohol, and the toxicologist must be able to interpret the interactions among those substances. In such cases, the toxicologist works closely with the forensic pathologist. In recent years, many companies and public organizations such as police and fire departments have been concerned about the use of drugs by employees on the job. Many drug-testing programs have been set up to measure drug concentrations in workers on a routine or random basis. Such laboratories virtually always employ one or more forensic toxicologists to maintain standards, offer training to technicians, and take overall responsibility for the laboratory. Most such laboratories test urine samples donated by employees, but some also test hair taken from the head. Hair is superior to urine as a medium for drug testing in that it is less invasive to obtain and can provide a drug history of many months’ duration. Also, hair testing is not subject to some of the manipulations that plague urine testing, such as the use of diuretics to flush the drugs from the urine. Whitechapel Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Coordinates: 51°30′59″N 0°4′9″W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the East London district. For the deathcore band, see Whitechapel (band). For other uses, see Whitechapel (disambiguation). Whitechapel Entrance to Whitechapel station Whitechapel is located in Greater LondonWhitechapelWhitechapel Location within Greater London Population 14,862 (Whitechapel ward 2011)[1] OS grid reference TQ335815 London borough Tower Hamlets Ceremonial county Greater London Region London Country England Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town LONDON Postcode district E1 Dialling code 020 Police Metropolitan Fire London Ambulance London UK Parliament Bethnal Green and Stepney London Assembly City and East List of placesUKEnglandLondon 51°30′59″N 0°4′9″W Whitechapel is an area in London, England, and is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is in east London and part of the East End. It is the location of Tower Hamlets Town Hall and therefore the borough town centre. Whitechapel is located 3.4 miles (5.5 km) east of Charing Cross. The district is primarily built around Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road, which extend from the City of London boundary to just east of Whitechapel station. These two streets together form a section of the originally Roman Road from the Aldgate to Colchester, a route that later became known as the Great Essex Road. Population growth resulting from ribbon development along this route, led to the creation of the parish of Whitechapel, a daughter parish of Stepney, from which it was separated, in the 14th century. Whitechapel has a long history of having a high proportion of immigrants within the community. From the late 19th century until the late 20th century the area had a very high Jewish population, and it subsequently became a significant settlement for the British Bangladeshi community. Whitechapel and neighbouring Spitalfields were the locations of the infamous 11 Whitechapel murders (1888–91), some of which were attributed to the unidentified serial killer known as Jack the Ripper. These factors and others have led to Whitechapel being seen by many as the embodiment of London's East End, and for that reason it is often used to represent the East End in art and literature.[2] Landmarks include Tower Hamlets Town Hall, the Royal London Hospital and the East London Mosque. History Origin and toponymy The daughter-parishes of Stepney that would evolve into the modern London Borough of Tower Hamlets Whitechapel was originally part of the Manor and Parish of Stepney, but population growth resulting from its position just outside the Aldgate on the Roman Road to Essex resulted in significant population growth, so a chapel of ease, dedicated to St Mary was established so people did not have to make the longer journey to Stepney's parish church St Dunstans. The earliest known rector was Hugh de Fulbourne in 1329. Whitechapel takes its name from that church, St Mary Matfelon, which like the nearby White Tower of the Tower of London was at one time whitewashed to give it a prominent and attractive appearance. The etymology of the Matfelon element is unclear and apparently unique. Around 1338, Whitechapel became an independent parish, with St Mary Matfelon, originally a chapel of ease within Stepney, becoming the parish church. Geography of the ancient parish Whitechapel's spine is the old Roman Road, that ran from the Aldgate on London's Wall, to Colchester in Essex (Roman Britannia's first capital), and beyond. This road, which was later named the Great Essex Road, is now designated the A11. This historic route has the names Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road as it passes through, or along the boundary, of Whitechapel.[3] For many centuries travellers to and from London on this route were accommodated at the many coaching inns which lined Whitechapel High Street.[4] The area of the parish extended around 1400 metres from the City of London boundary, originally marked by Aldgate Bars around 180 metres east of the Aldgate itself, to vicinity of the junction with Cambridge Heath Road where it met the boundaries of Mile End and Bethnal Green. The northern boundary included Wentworth Street and parts of Old Montague Street. The parish also included an area around Goodman's Fields, close to the City and south of St Mary's, the parish church. Administrative history The parish of Whitechapel formed three of the wards, in the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney, which was created in 1900. The area became an independent parish around 1338. At that time parish areas only had an ecclesiastical (church) function, with parallel civil parishes being formed in the Tudor period. The original purpose of the civil parishes was poor relief. The area was part of the historic (or ancient) county of Middlesex, but military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by the Tower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets). The role of the Tower Division ended when Whitechapel became part of the new County of London in 1889, and most civil parish functions were removed when the area joined the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney in 1900. In 1965 there was a further round of changes when the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green and the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar to form the new London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The new borough of Tower Hamlets covered only part of the historic Tower Division (or Tower Hamlets). At the same time, the area became part of the new Greater London, which replaced the older, smaller County of London. Early history Whitechapel High Street, and St Mary Matfelon, in 1905 Early development Whitechapel, along with areas such as neighbouring Shoreditch, Holborn (west of the city) and Southwark (south of the Thames), was one of London's earlier extra-mural suburbs. Beyond controls of the City of London Corporation, Whitechapel was used for more polluting and land-intensive industries the city market demanded, such as tanneries, builders' goods yards, laundries, clothes dyers, slaughterhouse-related work, soaperies, and breweries. Whitechapel was strongly notable for foundries, foremost of which was the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, which later cast Philadelphia's Liberty Bell, Westminster's Big Ben, Bow Bells and more recently the London Olympic Bell in 2012. Population shifts from rural areas to London from the 17th century to the mid-19th century resulted in great numbers of more or less destitute people taking up residence amidst the industries, businesses and services ancillary to the City of London that had attracted them. Whitechapel Mount Main article: Whitechapel Mount The Whitechapel Mount was a large, probably artificial mound, of unknown origin, that stood on the south side of Whitechapel Road, about 1200 metres east of the Aldgate, immediately west of the modern Royal London Hospital. The Mount is widely believed to have formed part of London's defences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in the mid-17th century. This was either as part of a ring of fortifications known as the Lines of Communication which were in operation from 1642 to 1647,[5] or additionally or alternatively, as one of the three forts which replaced that system of defence immediately afterwards. The mount was removed to allow residential development in 1807–1808. The London Hospital, Whitechapel in 1753. The Whitechapel Mount stands immediately to the right (west). Davenant Foundation School Main articles: Davenant Foundation School and Davenant Centre In 1680, Ralph Davenant (rector of the parish of Whitechapel), his wife and his sister-in-law bequeathed a large sum for a schoolmaster to teach literacy, numeracy and the "principles of the Church of England" to forty boys of the parish. In the same deed Henry and Sarah Gullifer undertook to provide for the education of thirty poor girls; namely a schoolmistress was to teach them the "catechism, reading, knitting, plain sewing, and any other useful work".[6] In 1701 an unknown donor gave the foundation £1,000 (equivalent to £190,000 in 2023) so the children might be suitably clothed as well as educated.[6] Between 1783 and 1830 the school received twenty gifts totalling over £5,000.[6] Typical income seems to have been about £500 per year, which was much more than most vicar's and rector's livings, net.[6] Supporting modern education, the Davenant Centre continues and the Davenant Foundation School has, since 1966, been based at Loughton in Essex.[6] Royal London Hospital The London Infirmary was established as a voluntary hospital in 1740, and within a year soon moved from Finsbury to Prescot Street, a very densely populated and deprived part of southern Whitechapel. Its aim was "The relief of all sick and diseased persons and, in particular, manufacturers, seamen in the merchant service and their wives and children". The hospital moved to the then largely rural Whitechapel Road site in 1757, and was renamed the London Hospital. It became known as the Royal London Hospital on its 250th anniversary in 1990. The new building, adjacent to the old building it replaced, was opened in 2012.[7] In 2023 the old hospital building became the new Tower Hamlets Town Hall, replacing the Mulberry Place site in Poplar. 18th and 19th centuries In common with many other parts of the East End of London, Whitechapel gained a reputation for severe poverty, overcrowding, and the social problems that came with it.[8][9] Part of Charles Booth's map of Whitechapel, 1889. The red areas are "middle-class"; the black areas are "semi-criminal". Colour key for Booth's poverty map. William Booth began his Christian Revival Society, preaching the gospel in a tent, erected in the Friends Burial Ground, Thomas Street, Whitechapel, in 1865. Others joined his Christian Mission, and on 7 August 1878 the Salvation Army was formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road.[10] A statue commemorates both his mission and his work in helping the poor.[11] Plaque commemorating King Edward VII, with the inscription "erected with subscriptions raised by Jewish inhabitants of East London 1911" Royal London Hospital's old building from the 18th century The population grew quickly with migrants from the English countryside and further afield. Many of these incomers were Irish or Jewish. Western Whitechapel, and neighbouring areas of Wapping, became known as Little Germany due to the large numbers of German people who came to the area; many of these people, and their descendants, worked in the sugar industry. The St George's German Lutheran Church on Alie Street is a legacy of that part of the community.[12] Writing of the period 1883–1884, Yiddish theatre actor Jacob Adler wrote, "The further we penetrated into this Whitechapel, the more our hearts sank. Was this London? Never in Russia, never later in the worst slums of New York, were we to see such poverty as in the London of the 1880s."[13] This endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution. In October 1888 the Metropolitan Police estimated that there were 1,200 prostitutes "of very low class" resident in Whitechapel and about 62 brothels.[14] Reference is specifically made to them in Charles Booth's Life and Labour of the People in London, especially to dwellings called Blackwall Buildings belonging to Blackwall Railway. Such prostitutes were numbered amongst the 11 Whitechapel murders (1888–91), some of which were committed by the legendary serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper". These attacks caused widespread terror in the district and throughout the country and drew the attention of social reformers to the squalor and vice of the area, even though these crimes remain unsolved today.[15] London County Council, founded 1889, helped deliver investment in new housing and slum clearance; objectives which were a popular cause at the time. The "Elephant Man" Joseph Merrick (1862–1890) became well known in Whitechapel – he was exhibited in a shop on the Whitechapel Road before being helped by Frederick Treves (1853–1923) at the Royal London Hospital, opposite the actual shop. There is a museum in the hospital about his life.[16] 20th century In 1902, American author Jack London, looking to write a counterpart to Jacob Riis's seminal book How the Other Half Lives, donned ragged clothes and boarded in Whitechapel, detailing his experiences in The People of the Abyss. Home Secretary Churchill observing the events at Sidney Street, Whitechapel The Siege of Sidney Street (also known as the Battle of Stepney, after the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney of which Whitechapel was part) in January 1911 was a gunfight between police and military forces, and Latvian revolutionaries. Then Home Secretary Winston Churchill took over the operation, and his presence caused a political row over the level of his involvement during the time. His biographers disagreed and claimed that he gave no operational commands to the police,[17][18] but a Metropolitan Police account states that the events of Sidney Street were "a very rare case of a Home Secretary taking police operational command decisions".[a] The Freedom Press, a socialist publishing house, thought it worthwhile to explore conditions in the leading city of the nation that had invented modern capitalism. He[who?] concluded that English poverty was far rougher than the American variety. The juxtaposition of the poverty, homelessness, exploitative work conditions, prostitution, and infant mortality of Whitechapel and other East End locales with some of the greatest personal wealth the world has ever seen made it a focal point for leftist reformers and revolutionaries of all kinds, from George Bernard Shaw, whose Fabian Society met regularly in Whitechapel, to Vladimir Lenin, led rallies in Whitechapel during his exile from Russia.[20] The area is still home to Freedom Press, the anarchist publishing house founded by Charlotte Wilson. On Sunday 4 October 1936, the British Union of Fascists led by Oswald Mosley, intended to march through the East End, an area with a large Jewish population. The BUF mustered on and around Tower Hill and hundreds of thousands of local people turned out to block the march. There were violent clashes with the BUF around Tower Hill, but most of the violence occurred as police tried to clear a route through the crowds for the BUF to follow. The police fought protesters at nearby Cable Street – the series of clashes becoming known as the Battle of Cable Street – and Tower Hill, but the largest confrontations took place at Aldgate and Whitechapel, notably at Gardiner's Corner, at the junction of Leman Street, Commercial Street and Whitechapel High Street.[21] The Halal restaurant on the junction of St Mark Street and Alie Street opened in 1939 to serve the many Indian seamen living in the area. It is now the oldest Indian restaurant in East London.[22] Whitechapel was the centre of British Jewish refugee immigrant life in the late 19th and early 20th century. Whitechapel remained poor through the first half of the 20th century, though somewhat less desperately so. It suffered great damage from enemy bombers during the Blitz, and from the subsequent German V-weapon attacks. The parish church, St Mary Matfelon, was badly damaged in a raid on 29 December 1940, a raid so damaging that it caused the Second Great Fire of London. The remains were demolished in 1952. St Mary's traced stone footprint and former graveyard remain, as part of Altab Ali Park.[4][23] On 4 May 1978, three teenagers murdered Altab Ali, a 24 year old Bangladesh-born clothing worker, in a racially motivated attack, as he walked home after work. The attack took place on Adler Street, by St Mary's Churchyard, where St Mary Matfelon had previously stood. The reaction to his murder provoked the mass mobilisation of the local Bengali community. The gardens of the former churchyard were later renamed Altab Ali Park in his memory.[24][25] The Metropolitan line between Hammersmith and Whitechapel was withdrawn in 1990 and shown separately as a new line called the Hammersmith & City line.[26][27] 21st century Bengali signage on Whitechapel station. Crossrail calls at Whitechapel station[28] on the Elizabeth line. Eastbound services will be split into two branches after leaving the historic station which underwent a massive redevelopment that started in 2010.[29] In order to prepare for Crossrail, in January 2016, the old Whitechapel station was closed for refurbishment and modernisation work in order to improve services and increase capacity in the station.[30] The Royal London Hospital was closed and re-opened behind the original site in 2012 in a brand new building costing £650m.[31] The old site was then repurchased by the local council to open a new town hall,[32] replacing the existing Town Hall at Mulberry Place. In March 2022, Whitechapel station signs had "হোয়াইটচ্যাপেল" in Bengali installed.[33] The British-Pakistani Mayor of London Sadiq Khan was "delighted" that the signage was installed ahead of Bangladesh Independence Day on 26 March.[33] The installation was attended by Bangladeshi diplomats and Mamata Banerjee, the Chief Minister of West Bengal.[34] Also in 2022 a historical marker was placed in Whitechapel, on the site of the former Adler House at the junction of Adler and Coke Streets by the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation UK Branch. Adler House was named in honour of the Chief Rabbi of the British Empire, Herman Adler, 1891–1911. The marker recognises the significance of Whitechapel as the centre of British Jewish refugee life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[35] Governance Main article: London Borough of Tower Hamlets Local council facilities will be grouped within the old Royal London Hospital building as a civic centre. The local library, now called an Idea Store is located on Whitechapel Road. Culture The distinctive tiled frontage of the Whitechapel Art Gallery The East London Mosque was one of the first in Britain to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan.[36] Whitechapel Road was the location of two 19th-century theatres: The Effingham (1834–1897) and The Pavilion Theatre (1828–1935; building demolished in 1962). Charles Dickens Jr. (eldest child of Charles Dickens), in his 1879 book Dickens's Dictionary of London, described the Pavilion this way: "A large East-end theatre capable of holding considerably over 3,000 persons. Melodrama of a rough type, farce, pantomime, &c."[37] In the early 20th century it became the home of Yiddish theatre, catering to the large Jewish population of the area, and gave birth to the Anglo-Jewish 'Whitechapel Boys' avant-garde literary and artistic movement. Since at least the 1970s, Whitechapel and other nearby parts of East London have figured prominently in London's art scene. Probably the area's most prominent art venue is the Whitechapel Art Gallery, founded in 1901 and long an outpost of high culture in a poor neighbourhood. As the neighbourhood has gentrified, it has gained citywide, and even international, visibility and support. From 2005 the gallery underwent a major expansion, with the support of £3.26 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The expanded facility opened in 2009. Whitechapel in the early 21st century has figured prominently in London's punk rock and skuzz rock scenes, with the main focal point for this scene being Whitechapel Factory and Rhythm Factory bar, restaurant, and nightclub. This scene includes the likes of The Libertines, Zap!, Nova, The Others, Razorlight, and The Rakes, all of whom have had some commercial success in the music charts. Whitechapel Street Market at night Demographics The total population of Whitechapel in 2021 was 18,841.[38] Bangladeshis are the largest ethnic group in the area, making up 40% of the Whitechapel ward total population.[39] The East London Mosque at the end of Whitechapel Road is one of the largest mosques in Europe. The mosque group was established as early as 1910, and the demand for a mosque grew as the Sylheti community grew rapidly over the years. In 1985 this large, purpose built mosque with a dome and minaret was built in the heart of Whitechapel, attracting thousands of worshippers every week, and it was further expanded with the London Muslim Centre in 2004.[40] A library, the Whitechapel Idea Store, constructed in 2005 at a cost of £12 million by William Verry to a design by David Adjaye, was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize.[41][42] Whitechapel compared 2021[43] White British or Other White Asian Black Whitechapel Population 18,841 34.6% 51.3% 4.9% London Borough of Tower Hamlets 39.4% 44.4% 7.3% In literature The Whitechapel Library with the word "বাংলা" illuminated in its front. Whitechapel features in Charles Dickens's Pickwick Papers (chapter 22) as the location of the Bull Inn, where the Pickwickians take a coach to Ipswich. En route, driving along Whitechapel Road, Sam Weller opines that it is "not a wery nice neighbourhood" and notes the correlation between poverty and the abundance of oyster stalls here.[44] One of Fagin's dens in Dickens's Oliver Twist was located in Whitechapel, and Fagin himself was possibly based on a notorious local 'fence' named Ikey Solomon (1785–1850). Whitechapel is also the setting of several novels by Jewish authors such as Children of the Ghetto and The King of Schnorrers by Israel Zangwill and Jew Boy by Simon Blumenfeld. Several chapters of Sholem Aleichem's classic Yiddish novel Adventures of Mottel the Cantor's Son take place in early 20th-century Whitechapel, depicted from the point of view of an impoverished East European Jewish family fleeing the pogroms. The novel Journey Through a Small Planet by Emanuel Litvinoff vividly describes Whitechapel and its Jewish inhabitants in the 1920s and 1930s. The prostitute and daughter of a Luddite leader Sybil Gerard, main character of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's novel The Difference Engine comes from Whitechapel. The novel's plot begins there. One of the episodes in Michael Moorcock's novel Breakfast in the Ruins takes place in 1905 Whitechapel, described from the point of view of an eleven year old Jewish refugee from Poland, working with his parents at a sweatshop, who is caught up in the deadly confrontation between Russian revolutionaries and agents of the Czar's Secret Police. Brick Lane, the 2003 novel by Monica Ali is based in Whitechapel and documents the life of a young Bangladeshi woman's experience of living in Tower Hamlets in the 1990s and early 2000s. Whitechapel is used as a location in most Jack the Ripper fiction. One such example is the bizarre White Chappel Scarlet Tracings (1987) by Iain Sinclair.[45] It also features as the setting for the science fiction Webcomic FreakAngels, written by popular comics writer Warren Ellis. Whitechapel is one of the worldwide locations referenced in Edith Piaf's song C'est à Hambourg [2], describing the harsh life of prostitutes. In 2002, Whitechapel was used as the setting for a Sherlock Holmes film, The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire, based on the Arthur Conan Doyle story The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire. Whitechapel serves as the setting for the television series Ripper Street, which aired 2013–2016. Education Main article: List of schools in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Transport Current railway stations Whitechapel has two underground stations: Aldgate East and Whitechapel. Aldgate East is served by the District line and the Hammersmith & City. Whitechapel is also served by these lines, as well by the Elizabeth line and the East and South London lines of the London Overground, soon to be renamed the Windrush line.[46] Historic railway stations Whitechapel station was originally called Whitechapel (Mile End) to reflect its position just inside Whitechapel's boundary with Mile End and also its boundary with Bethnal Green. Aldgate East station was originally 150 metres west of its current location and there was once an additional district line station immediately east of the modern East London Mosque called St Mary's (Whitechapel Road). In the 1930s, Aldgate East station was relocated 150 metres east of its original position, meaning there would then be three stations in very close proximity; as a result, the railway economised by closing St Mary's, in the middle of the three stations. Other modes London Buses 15, 25, 106, 115, 135, 205, 254, D3, N15, N205, N253, N550 and N551 all operate within the area. Whitechapel is connected to the National Road Network by both the A11 on Whitechapel Road in the centre and, to the south, the A13 and The Highway A1203 running east–west. Cycle Superhighway CS2 runs from Aldgate to Stratford on the A11. Nearest places Districts Aldgate Bethnal Green City of London East Smithfield Spitalfields Tower Hill Wapping Mile End Mile End New Town vte Neighbouring areas of London. Spitalfields Bethnal Green and Spitalfields Bethnal Green City of London Whitechapel Stepney Wapping Shadwell and Wapping Stepney and Shadwell Notable natives or residents In addition to the prominent figures detailed in the article: Born in Whitechapel Damon Albarn – musician, lead singer of Blur and co-creator of virtual cartoon rock band Gorillaz, born 1968[47] Julius Stafford Baker, cartoonist[48] Abraham Beame, first Jewish mayor of New York City, 1906–2001 Jack Kid Berg, boxer, "The Whitechapel Windmill", British Lightweight Champion 1934 Stanley Black, bandleader, 1913–2002. Simon Blumenfeld, novelist, playwright and columnist, 1907–2005. Georgia Brown (born Lillian Klot), actress and singer, 1933–1992 Tina Charles, 1970s disco artist, born 1954 Peter Cheyney, mystery writer and journalist, 1896–1951 Jack Cohen, Anglo-Jewish businessman who founded the Tesco supermarket chain, 1898–1979 Ashley Cole, Chelsea and England footballer 1980 Jack "Spot" Comer, Jewish gangster and anti-Fascist, 1912–1996 Roger Delgado, actor (known for playing "The Master" in Doctor Who), 1918–1973 Lloyd Doyley, footballer Bud Flanagan (born Chaim Reuven Weintrop), music hall comedian on stage, radio, film and television, 1896–1968 Micky Flanagan, comedian Kemal Izzet, footballer Muzzy Izzet, footballer Kenney Jones, drummer Morris Kestelman, artist Sydney Kyte, bandleader, 1896–1981[49] Charlie Lee, Leyton Orient footballer Emanuel Litvinoff, Anglo-Jewish author of Journey Through a Small Planet Margaret Pepys (née Kite), mother of diarist Samuel Pepys, d. 1667 Brendan Perry, founding member of music group Dead Can Dance Ella Purnell, actress Abe Saperstein, founder of the Harlem Globetrotters basketball team Barry Silkman (born 1952), footballer Sarah Taylor, cricketer Alan Tilvern, film and television actor, 1918–2003 Anwar Uddin, captain of Dagenham and Redbridge Gary Webster, actor Resident in or otherwise associated with Whitechapel Altab Ali, murdered in a Whitechapel park in 1978 Barney Barnato, diamond mining industrialist and Randlord, 1851–1897 Richard Brandon (? – 20 June 1649), the reputed executioner of King Charles I was buried at the Whitechapel parish church of St Mary Matfelon. The church register records that he lived in Rosemary Lane (modern Royal Mint Street).[50] Mary Hughes (1860–1941), a voluntary parish worker who initially lived in the Blackwall Buildings before moving to a converted pub on Vallance Road where she offered food and shelter to the needy.[51] Jack the Ripper, serial killer Charles Lahr (1885–1971), German-born anarchist, London bookseller and publisher, secretary of the Whitechapel branch of the Industrial Union of Direct Actionists (IUDA) Jack London, who wrote The People of the Abyss while staying in Whitechapel – an account of his 1902 stay amongst the East End poor Richard Parker, Royal Navy mutineer buried in St Mary Matfelon Rudolf Rocker, anarcho-syndicalist writer, historian and prominent activist, active in Whitechapel 1895–1918, 1873–1958 Obadiah Shuttleworth, composer, violinist and organist of the parish church, d. 1734 Avrom Stencl (1897–1983), Polish-born Yiddish poet, early companion of Franz Kafka, published Loshn and Lebn in Whitechapel Future developments Whitechapel Market and the A11 corridor is currently the subject of a £20 million investment to improve the public spaces along the route. The London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets & Newham are working with English Heritage and Transport for London to refurbish the historic buildings at this location and improve the market. See also icon London portal British Bangladeshi Stepney Historical Trust Whitechapel Mount Notes Subsequent stories that a bullet passed through Churchill's top hat are apocryphal, and no reference to such an occurrence appears in either the official records, or Churchill's accounts of the siege.[19] References Census Information Scheme (2012). "2011 Census Ward Population figures for London". Greater London Authority. Retrieved 17 October 2023. Brewers Dictionary of London Phrase and Fable, Russ Willey, Chambers, 2009 'Stepney: Communications', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 7–13 Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine accessed: 9 March 2007 Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (eds) (1983) "Whitechapel" in The London Encyclopaedia: 955-6 Civil War London, David Flintham, Helion and Company, 2017 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1, Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, the Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes To 1870, Private Education From Sixteenth CenturySchools: Davenant Foundation Grammar School, editors: J S Cockburn, H P F King and K G T McDonnell (London, 1969), pages 293–294. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp293-294 Archived 31 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine History section of the official website https://www.bartshealth.nhs.uk/the-royal-london-our-history Archived 28 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Whitechapel CP through time : Housing Statistics : Total Houses, A Vision of Britain through Time, GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10071306/cube/HOUSES Archived 31 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Whitechapel CP through time : Population Statistics : Total Population, A Vision of Britain through Time, GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10071306/cube/TOT_POP Archived 31 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine 1878 Foundation Deed Of The Salvation Army accessed 15 February 2007 Archived 25 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine "Whitechapel Road". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2021. East London Record - No 13 - 1990 https://www.mernick.org.uk/elhs/Record/ELHS%20RECORD%2013%20(1990).pdf Jacob Adler, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0679413510. p. 232–233 Donald Rumbelow (2004) The Complete Jack the Ripper: 12. Penguin Nicholas Connell (2005) Walter Dew: The Man Who Caught Crippen: 7–55 "Seven places in London connected with the Elephant Man". Time Out London. February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020. Addison, Paul (2014). "Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32413. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Jenkins, Roy (2012). Churchill. London: Pan Macmillan. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-330-47607-2. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2022. Waldren, Mike (July 2013). "The Siege of Sidney Street" (PDF). Police Firearms Officers Association. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016. "First Thursday GALLERY 46". Whitechapelgallery.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018. "Fascist march stopped after disorderly scenes". Guardian newspaper. 5 October 1936. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022. INews article on publicity campaign to save the restaurant after Covid 19 https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/food-and-drink/east-london-oldest-indian-restaurant-threat-city-workers-custom-572955 Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Andrew Davies (1990) The East End Nobody Knows: 15–16 "Aldgate". London-footprints.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2014. "Brick Lane Tour :: Stop 10: Altab Ali Park". Worldwrite.org.uk. 4 May 1978. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2014. Rose, Douglas (December 2007) [1980]. The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History (8th ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-315-0. "London Underground map 1990". The London Tube map archive. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. "Whitechapel station". Crossrail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018. "Route map". Crossrail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018. "Whitechapel Station to be modernised in preparation for Crossrail". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018. "New Royal London Hospital opens". BBC News. 2 March 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018. Brooke, Mike (6 February 2015). "Old Royal London Hospital sold for £9m to Tower Hamlets council for a new town hall". Eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018. "Whitechapel Station gets new Bengali signage ahead of Elizabeth line opening". London Borough of Tower Hamlets. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022. "London Station Gets Bengali Signage. Mamata Banerjee Reacts". NDTV. India. 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022. "Whitechapel Historical Marker". Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Eade, John (1996). "Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London". In Metcalf, Barbara Daly (ed.). Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520204042. Retrieved 24 April 2015. As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to protest. Dickens, Charles Jr. (1879). "Pavilion Theatre". Dickens's Dictionary of London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2007. "Whitechapel Ward in London". 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2024. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Whitechapel 2011 Census Ward (1237320252)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 9 February 2018. History of East London Mosque Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine East London Mosque & London Muslim Centre. Retrieved 24 April 2009. [1] [dead link] "Idea Store website". Ideastore.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014. "Whitechapel Ward in London". 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2024. Charles Dickens (1836). "Chapter XXII Mr. PICKWICK JOURNEYS TO IPSWICH AND MEETS WITH A ROMANTIC ADVENTURE WITH A MIDDLE-AGED LADY IN YELLOW CURL-PAPERS". The Pickwick Papers. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021. Glinert, Ed (2000). A Literary Guide to London. London: Penguin. Page 256. Matters, Transport for London | Every Journey. "Introduction of new London Overground line names and colours will soon start". Transport for London. Retrieved 29 November 2024. "The Observer Profile: Damon Albarn – Comment – The Observer". Theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018. 'BAKER, JULIUS STAFFORD (1869–1961), British cartoonist' in Maurice Horn, Richard Marschall, eds., The World Encyclopedia of Cartoons, vol. 1 (Gale Research Co., 1980), p. 96 General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes. London, England: General Register Office. "Casebook: Jack the Ripper – Whitechapel". Casebook.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018. "Earl Grey's Castle, 71 Vallance Road, London, E1". pubshistory.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018. External links Official website for the ward of Whitechapel Primary source articles Tower Hamlets History Online Nighttime photos of Whitechapel and environs. Commentary is in German, but it is mostly photos. vte London Borough of Tower Hamlets Wards Bethnal GreenBlackwall and Cubitt TownBow EastBow WestBromley NorthBromley SouthCanary WharfIsland GardensLansburyLimehouseMile EndPoplarShadwellSpitalfields and BanglatownSt Dunstan'sSt Katharine's and WappingSt Peter'sStepney GreenWeaversWhitechapel Coat of arms of Tower Hamlets Location of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in Greater London Notable locations Brick LaneChrist Church, SpitalfieldsDennis Severs' HouseEast SmithfieldFish IslandFournier StreetLondon Museum DocklandsMuseum of Immigration and DiversityQueen Elizabeth Olympic ParkRagged School MuseumRoyal London Museum and ArchivesJack the Ripper MuseumSt Katharine DocksSpitalfields City FarmStepney City FarmTower BridgeTower of LondonTraitors' GateWhitechapel Art GalleryYoung V&A Street markets Petticoat LaneBrick LaneColumbia RoadOld SpitalfieldsRoman Road Parks and open spaces Altab Ali ParkBartlett ParkIsland GardensLangdon 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in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Ordnance Survey Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Coordinates: 50.9378°N 1.4713°W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the former agency of Ireland, see Ordnance Survey Ireland. For the former agency of Northern Ireland, see Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland. For an international agency, see Ordnance Survey International. Ordnance Survey Welsh: Arolwg Ordnans Agency overview Formed 1791; 234 years ago Jurisdiction Great Britain[Notes 1] Headquarters Southampton, England, UK 50.9378°N 1.4713°W OS grid SU 373 155 Employees 1,244 Minister responsible Peter Kyle, Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology Agency executive Nick Bolton, CEO Parent agency Department for Science, Innovation and Technology Website www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk Edit this at Wikidata Grid square TF from the Ordnance Survey National Grid, shown at a scale of 1:250,000. The map shows the Wash and the North Sea, as well as places within the counties of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. Part of an Ordnance Survey map, at the scale of one inch to the mile, from a New Popular Edition map published in 1946 Pollokshaws on Roy's Military Survey of Scotland (1747–1755)[1] The Ordnance Survey (OS) is the national mapping agency for Great Britain.[2] The agency's name indicates its original military purpose (see ordnance and surveying), which was to map Scotland in the wake of the Jacobite rising of 1745. There was also a more general and nationwide need in light of the potential threat of invasion during the Napoleonic Wars. Since 1 April 2015, the Ordnance Survey has operated as Ordnance Survey Ltd, a government-owned company, 100% in public ownership. The Ordnance Survey Board remains accountable to the Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology. It was also a member of the Public Data Group. Paper maps represent only 5% of the company's annual revenue. It produces digital map data, online route planning and sharing services and mobile apps, plus many other location-based products for business, government and consumers. Ordnance Survey mapping is usually classified as either "large-scale" (in other words, more detailed) or "small-scale". The Survey's large-scale mapping comprises 1:2,500 maps for urban areas and 1:10,000 more generally. (The latter superseded the 1:10,560 "six inches to the mile" scale in the 1950s.) These large scale maps are typically used in professional land-use contexts and were available as sheets until the 1980s, when they were digitised. Small-scale mapping for leisure use includes the 1:25,000 "Explorer" series, the 1:50,000 "Landranger" series and the 1:250,000 road maps. These are still available in traditional sheet form. Ordnance Survey maps remain in copyright for 50 years after their publication. Some of the copyright libraries hold complete or near-complete collections of pre-digital OS mapping. History Origins The original draftsman's drawings for the area around St Columb Major in Cornwall, made in 1810. Detail from 1901 Ordnance Survey map of the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda (showing St. George's Town and St. George's Garrison), compiled from surveys carried out between 1897 and 1899 by Lieutenant Arthur Johnson Savage, Royal Engineers. The origins of the Ordnance Survey lie in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745. Prince William, Duke of Cumberland realised that the British Army did not have a good map of the Scottish Highlands to locate Jacobite dissenters such as Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat so that they could be put on trial.[3] In 1747, Lieutenant-Colonel David Watson proposed the compilation of a map of the Highlands to help in pacifying the region.[4] In response, King George II charged Watson with making a military survey of the Highlands under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. Among Watson's assistants were William Roy, Paul Sandby and John Manson. The survey was produced at a scale of 1 inch to 1,000 yards (1:36,000)[5] and included "the Duke of Cumberland's Map" (primarily by Watson and Roy), now held in the British Library.[6] Roy later had an illustrious career in the Royal Engineers (RE), rising to the rank of General, and he was largely responsible for the British share of the work in determining the relative positions of the French and British royal observatories. This work was the starting point of the Principal Triangulation of Great Britain (1783–1853), and led to the creation of the Ordnance Survey itself. Roy's technical skills and leadership set the high standard for which the Ordnance Survey became known. Work was begun in earnest in 1790 under Roy's supervision, when the Board of Ordnance (a predecessor of part of the modern Ministry of Defence) began a national military survey starting with the south coast of England. Roy's birthplace near Carluke in South Lanarkshire is today marked by a memorial in the form of a large OS trig point.[7] By 1791, the Board received the newer Ramsden theodolite (an improved successor to the one that Roy had used in 1784), and work began on mapping southern Great Britain using a 5 mi (8 km) baseline on Hounslow Heath that Roy himself had previously measured; it crosses the present Heathrow Airport. In 1991, Royal Mail marked the bicentenary by issuing a set of postage stamps featuring maps of the Kentish village of Hamstreet.[8] In 1801, the first one-inch-to-the-mile (1:63,360 scale) map was published, detailing the county of Kent, with Essex following shortly afterwards. The Kent map was published privately and stopped at the county border, while the Essex maps were published by the Ordnance Survey and ignored the county border, setting the trend for future Ordnance Survey maps.[9] During the next 20 years, about a third of England and Wales was mapped at the same scale (see Principal Triangulation of Great Britain) under the direction of William Mudge, as other military matters took precedence. It took until 1823 to re-establish the relationship with the French survey made by Roy in 1787. By 1810, one-inch-to-the-mile maps of most of the south of England were completed, but they were withdrawn from sale between 1811 and 1816 because of security fears.[10] By 1840, the one-inch survey had covered all of Wales and all but the six northernmost counties of England.[11] Surveying was hard work. For instance, Major Thomas Colby, the longest-serving Director General of the Ordnance Survey, walked 586 mi (943 km) in 22 days on a reconnaissance in 1819. In 1824, Colby and most of his staff moved to Ireland to work on a six-inches-to-the-mile (1:10,560) valuation survey. The survey of Ireland, county by county, was completed in 1846.[12] The suspicions and tensions it caused in rural Ireland are the subject of Brian Friel's play Translations. Colby was not only involved in the design of specialist measuring equipment. He also established a systematic collection of place names, and reorganised the map-making process to produce clear, accurate plans. Place names were recorded in "Name Books",[13][14] a system first used in Ireland. The instructions for their use were: The persons employed on the survey are to endeavour to obtain the correct orthography of the names of places by diligently consulting the best authorities within their reach. The name of each place is to be inserted as it is commonly spelt, in the first column of the name book and the various modes of spelling it used in books, writings &c. are to be inserted in the second column, with the authority placed in the third column opposite to each. Whilst these procedures generally produced excellent results, mistakes were made: for instance, the Pilgrims' Way in the North Downs labelled the wrong route, but the name stuck. Similarly, the spelling of Scafell and Scafell Pike copied an error on an earlier map,[15] and was retained as this was the name of a corner of one of the Principal Triangles, despite "Scawfell" being the almost universal form at the time.[16][17][18] Colby believed in leading from the front, travelling with his men, helping to build camps and, as each survey session drew to a close, arranging mountain-top parties with enormous plum puddings.[19] The former headquarters of the Ordnance Survey in London Road, Southampton (2005). The British Geological Survey was founded in 1835 as the Ordnance Geological Survey under Henry De la Beche, and remained a branch of the Ordnance Survey until 1965. At the same time, the uneven quality of the English and Scottish maps was being improved by engravers under Benjamin Baker. By the time Colby retired in 1846, the production of six-inch maps of Ireland was complete. This had led to a demand for similar treatment in England, and work was proceeding on extending the six-inch map to northern England, but only a three-inch scale for most of Scotland.[20] Survey Act 1870 When Colby retired, he recommended William Yolland as his successor, but he was considered too young and the less experienced Lewis Alexander Hall was appointed.[21] After a fire in the Tower of London, the headquarters of the survey was moved to Southampton taking over buildings previously occupied by a military orphanage (the Royal Military Asylum) in 1841,[22][23] and Yolland was put in charge, but Hall sent him off to Ireland so that when Hall left in 1854 Yolland was again passed over in favour of Major Henry James. Hall was enthusiastic about extending the survey of the north of England to a scale of 1:2,500. In 1855, the Board of Ordnance was abolished and the Ordnance Survey was placed under the War Office together with the Topographical Survey and the Depot of Military Knowledge. Eventually in 1870 it was transferred to the Office of Works.[24] The primary triangulation of the United Kingdom of Roy, Mudge and Yolland was completed by 1841, but was greatly improved by Alexander Ross Clarke who completed a new survey based on Airy's spheroid in 1858, completing the Principal Triangulation.[25] The following year, he completed an initial levelling of the country.[26] Great Britain "County Series" Main article: Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series Ordnance Survey Act 1841 Act of Parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to authorize and facilitate the Completion of a Survey of Great Britain, Berwick upon Tweed, and the Isle of Man. Citation 4 & 5 Vict. c. 30 Dates Royal assent 21 June 1841 Other legislation Amended by Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2) Summary Jurisdiction Act 1884 Status: Partially repealed Text of statute as originally enacted Text of the Ordnance Survey Act 1841 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. The cover of the 5th series OS map Chelmsford and Southend sheet 108. Art by Ellis Martin After the Ordnance Survey published its first large-scale maps of Ireland in the mid-1830s, the Tithe Act 1836 led to calls for a similar six-inch to the mile survey in England and Wales. Official procrastination followed, but the development of the railways added to pressure that resulted in the Ordnance Survey Act 1841 (4 & 5 Vict. c. 30).[27] This granted a right to enter property for the purpose of the survey. Following a fire at its headquarters at the Tower of London in 1841[28] the Ordnance Survey relocated to a site in Southampton and was in disarray for several years, with arguments about which scales to use. Major-General Sir Henry James was by then Director General, and he saw how photography could be used to make maps of various scales cheaply and easily. He developed and exploited photozincography, not only to reduce the costs of map production but also to publish facsimiles of nationally important manuscripts. Between 1861 and 1864, a facsimile of the Domesday Book was issued, county by county; and a facsimile of the Gough Map was issued in 1870. From the 1840s, the Ordnance Survey concentrated on the Great Britain "County Series", modelled on the earlier Ireland survey. A start was made on mapping the whole country, county by county, at six inches to the mile (1:10,560). In 1854, "twenty-five inch" maps were introduced with a scale of 1:2500 (25.344 inches to the mile) and the six inch maps were then based on these twenty-five inch maps. The first edition of the two scales was completed by the 1890s, with a second edition completed in the 1890s and 1900s. From 1907 till the early 1940s, a third edition (or "second revision") was begun but never completed: only areas with significant changes on the ground were revised, many two or three times.[29][30] Meanwhile, publication of the one-inch to the mile series for Great Britain was completed in 1891. From the late 19th century to the early 1940s, the OS produced many "restricted" versions of the County Series maps and other War Department sheets for War Office purposes, in a variety of large scales that included details of military significance such as dockyards, naval installations, fortifications and military camps. Apart from a brief period during the disarmament talks of the 1930s, these areas were left blank or incomplete on standard maps. The War Department 1:2500s, unlike the standard issue, were contoured. The de-classified sheets have now been deposited in some of the Copyright Libraries, helping to complete the map-picture of pre-Second World War Britain. City and town mapping, 19th and early 20th century From 1824, the OS began a 6-inch (1:10,560) survey of Ireland for taxation purposes but found this to be inadequate for urban areas and adopted the five-foot scale (1:1056) for Irish cities and towns.[31] From 1840, the six-inch standard was adopted in Great Britain for the un-surveyed northern counties and the 1:1056 scale also began to be adopted for urban surveys.[31] Between 1842 and 1895, some 400 towns were mapped at 1:500 (126 inches), 1:528 (120 inches, "10 foot scale") or 1:1056 (60 inches), with the remaining towns mapped at 1:2500 (~25 inches).[32] In 1855, the Treasury authorised funding for 1:2500 for rural areas and 1:500 for urban areas.[33] The 1:500 scale was considered more 'rational' than 1:528 and became known as the "sanitary scale" since its primary purpose was to support establishment of mains sewerage and water supply.[33] However, a review of the Ordnance Survey in 1892 found that sales of the 1:500 series maps were very poor and the Treasury declined to fund their continuing maintenance, declaring that any revision or new mapping at this scale must be self-financing.[34] Very few towns and cities saw a second edition of the town plans:[35] by 1909 only fourteen places had paid for updates.[36] The review determined that revision of 1:2500 mapping should proceed apace.[37] The most detailed mapping of London was the OS's 1:1056 survey between 1862 and 1872, which took 326 sheets to cover the capital;[38] a second edition (which needed 759 sheets because of urban expansion) was completed and brought out between 1891 and 1895.[38] London was unusual in that land registration on transfer of title was made compulsory there in 1900.[39] The 1:1056 sheets were partially revised to provide a basis for HM Land Registry index maps and the OS mapped the whole London County Council area (at 1:1056) at national expense.[39] Placenames from the second edition were used in 2016 by the GB1900 project to crowd-source an open-licensed gazetteer of Great Britain.[40] From 1911 onwards – and mainly between 1911 and 1913 – the Ordnance Survey photo-enlarged many 1:2500 sheets covering built-up areas to 1:1250 (50.688 inches to the mile) for Land Valuation and Inland Revenue purposes: the increased scale was to provide space for annotations.[39] About a quarter of these 1:1250s were marked "Partially revised 1912/13". In areas where there were no further 1:2500s, these partially revised "fifty inch" sheets represent the last large-scale revision (larger than six-inch) of the County Series. The County Series mapping was superseded by the Ordnance Survey National Grid 1:1250s, 1:2500s and 1:10,560s after the Second World War.[29] 20th century Front cover of a one-inch to the mile New Popular Edition, from 1945 Detailed scan of a complete 7th series sheet During World War I, the Ordnance Survey was involved in preparing maps of France and Belgium. During World War II, many more maps were created, including: 1:40,000 map of Antwerp, Belgium 1:100,000 map of Brussels, Belgium 1:5,000,000 map of South Africa 1:250,000 map of Italy 1:50,000 map of north-east France 1:30,000 map of the Netherlands with manuscript outline of districts occupied by the German Army. After the war, Colonel Charles Close, then Director General, developed a strategy using covers designed by Ellis Martin to increase sales in the leisure market. In 1920 O. G. S. Crawford was appointed Archaeology Officer and played a prominent role in developing the use of aerial photography to deepen understanding of archaeology. In 1922, devolution in Northern Ireland led to the creation of the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland (OSNI) and the independence of the Irish Free State led to the creation of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, so the original Ordnance Survey pulled its coverage back to Great Britain. In 1935, the Davidson Committee was established to review the Ordnance Survey's future. The new Director General, Major-General Malcolm MacLeod, started the retriangulation of Great Britain, an immense task involving the erection of concrete triangulation pillars ("trig points") on prominent hilltops as infallible positions for theodolites. Each measurement made by theodolite during the retriangulation was repeated no fewer than 32 times. The Davidson Committee's final report set the Ordnance Survey on course for the 20th century. The metric national grid reference system was launched and a 1:25000-scale series of maps was introduced. The one-inch maps continued to be produced until the 1970s, when they were superseded by the 1:50000-scale series – as proposed by William Roy more than two centuries earlier. The Ordnance Survey had outgrown its site in the centre of Southampton (made worse by the bomb damage of the Second World War). The bombing during the Blitz devastated Southampton in November 1940 and destroyed most of the Ordnance Survey's city centre offices.[41][42] Staff were dispersed to other buildings and to temporary accommodation at Chessington and Esher, Surrey, where they produced 1:25000 scale maps of France, Italy, Germany and most of the rest of Europe in preparation for its invasion. Until 1969, the Ordnance Survey largely remained at its Southampton city centre HQ and at temporary buildings in the suburb of Maybush nearby, when a new purpose-built headquarters was opened in Maybush adjacent to the wartime temporary buildings there. Some of the remaining buildings of the original Southampton city-centre site are now used as part of the city's court complex. The new head office building was designed by the Ministry of Public Building and Works for 4000 staff, including many new recruits who were taken on in the late 1960s and early 1970s as draughtsmen and surveyors.[citation needed] The buildings originally contained factory-floor space for photographic processes such as heliozincography and map printing, as well as large buildings for storing flat maps. Above the industrial areas were extensive office areas. The complex was notable for its concrete mural. Celestial, by sculptor Keith McCarter[43] and the concrete elliptical paraboloid shell roof over the staff restaurant building. In 1995, the Ordnance Survey digitised the last of about 230,000 maps, making the United Kingdom the first country in the world to complete a programme of large-scale electronic mapping.[19] By the late 1990s technological developments had eliminated the need for vast areas for storing maps and for making printing plates by hand. Although there was a small computer section at the Ordnance Survey in the 1960s, the digitising programme had replaced the need for printing large-scale maps, while computer-to-plate technology (in the form of a single machine) had also rendered the photographic platemaking areas obsolete. Part of the latter was converted into a new conference centre in 2000, which was used for internal events and also made available for external organisations to hire. The Ordnance Survey became an Executive Agency in 1990, making the organisation independent of ministerial control.[44] In 1999 the agency was designated a trading fund, required to cover its costs by charging for its products and to remit a proportion of its profits to the Treasury.[45] 21st century Former Ordnance Survey headquarters in Maybush, Southampton, used from 1969 until 2011 Headquarters in Adanac Park opened in 2011 In 2010, OS announced that printing and warehouse operations were to be outsourced,[19] ending over 200 years of in-house printing.[46] The Frome-based firm Butler, Tanner and Dennis (BT&D) secured its printing contract.[47] As already stated, large-scale maps had not been printed at the Ordnance Survey since the common availability of geographical information systems (GISs), but, until late 2010, the OS Explorer and OS Landranger series were printed in Maybush. In April 2009 building began of a new head office in Adanac Park on the outskirts of Southampton.[48] By 10 February 2011 virtually all staff had relocated to the new "Explorer House" building and the old site had been sold off and redeveloped. Prince Philip officially opened the new headquarters building on 4 October 2011.[49] On 22 January 2015 plans were announced for the organisation to move from a trading fund model to a government-owned limited company, with the move completed in April 2015. The organisation remains fully owned by the UK government and retains many of the features of a public organisation.[50][51] In September 2015 the history of the Ordnance Survey was the subject of a BBC Four TV documentary entitled A Very British Map: The Ordnance Survey Story.[52] On 10 June 2019 the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) appointed Steve Blair as the Chief Executive of the Ordnance Survey.[53][54] The Ordnance Survey supported the launch of the Slow Ways initiative, which encourages users to walk on lesser used paths between UK towns.[55] On 7 February 2023, ownership of Ordnance Survey Ltd passed to the newly formed Department for Science, Innovation and Technology.[56] Map range Ordnance Survey maps on sale The Ordnance Survey produces a large range of paper maps and digital mapping products. OS MasterMap The Ordnance Survey's flagship digital product, launched in November 2001, is OS MasterMap, a database that records, in one continuous digital map, every fixed feature of Great Britain larger than a few metres. Every feature is given a unique TOID (TOpographical IDentifier), a simple identifier that includes no semantic information. Typically, each TOID is associated with a polygon that represents the area on the ground that the feature covers, in National Grid coordinates. OS MasterMap is offered in themed layers, each linked to a number of TOIDs. In September 2010, the layers were: Topography The primary layer of OS MasterMap, consisting of vector data comprising large-scale representation of features in the real world, such as buildings and areas of vegetation. The features captured and the way they are depicted is listed in a specification available on the Ordnance Survey website. Integrated transport network A link-and-node network of transport features such as roads and railways. This data is at the heart of many satnav systems. In an attempt to reduce the number of HGVs using unsuitable roads, a data-capture programme of "Road Routing Information" was undertaken by 2015,[57] aiming to add information such as height restrictions and one-way streets. Imagery Orthorectified aerial photography in raster format. Address An overlay adding every address in the UK to other layers. Address 2 Adds further information to the Address layer, such as addresses with multiple occupants (blocks of flats, student houses, etc.) and objects with no postal addresses, such as fields and electricity substations. ITN was withdrawn in April 2019 and replaced by OS MasterMap Highways Network.[58] The Address layers were withdrawn in about 2016 with the information now being available in the AddressBase products[59] – so as of 2020, MasterMap consists of Topography and Imagery. Pricing of licenses to OS MasterMap data depends on the total area requested, the layers licensed, the number of TOIDs in the layers, and the period in years of the data usage. OS MasterMap can be used to generate maps for a vast array of purposes and maps can be printed from OS MasterMap data with detail equivalent to a traditional 1:1250 scale paper map. The Ordnance Survey states that thanks to continuous review, OS MasterMap data is never more than six months out of date. The scale and detail of this mapping project is unique.[citation needed] By 2009, around 440 million TOIDs had been assigned, and the database stood at 600 gigabytes in size.[60] As of March 2011, OS claims 450 million TOIDs.[61] As of 2005, OS MasterMap was at version 6; 2010's version 8 includes provision for Urban Paths (an extension of the "integrated transport network" layer) and pre-build address layer. All these versions have a similar GML schema. Business mapping The Ordnance Survey produces a wide variety of different products aimed at business users, such as utility companies and local authorities. The data is supplied by the Ordnance Survey on optical media or increasingly, via the Internet. Products can be downloaded via FTP or accessed 'on demand' via a web browser. Organisations using Ordnance Survey data have to purchase a licence to do so. Some of the main products are: OS MasterMap The Ordnance Survey's most detailed mapping showing individual buildings and other features in a vector format. Every real-world object is assigned a unique reference number (TOID) that allows customers to add this reference to their own databases. OS MasterMap consists of several so-called "layers" such as the aerial imagery, transport and postcode. The principal layer is the topographic layer. OS VectorMap Local A customisable vector product at 1:10,000 scale. Meridian 2, Strategi Mid-scale mapping in vector format. Boundary-Line Mapping showing administrative boundaries such as counties, parishes and electoral wards. Raster versions of leisure maps 1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:250,000 scale raster Leisure maps Illustration of the Ordnance Survey National Grid coordinate system, with Royal Observatory Greenwich as an example OS's range of leisure maps are published in a variety of scales: Tour scales and titles as of July 2021 Number Scale Title 1 1:100 000 Cornwall 3 1:110 000 Lake District & Cumbria 4 1:100 000 Peak District & Derbyshire 5 1:130 000 Devon & Somerset West 8 1:100 000 The Cotswolds & Gloucestershire 10 1:175 000 North & Mid Wales 11 1:175 000 South & Mid Wales 12 1:500 000 Scotland Tour (c. 1:100,000, except Scotland) One-sheet maps covering a generally county-sized area, showing major and most minor roads and containing tourist information and selected footpaths. Tour maps are generally produced from enlargements of 1:250,000 mapping. Several larger scale town maps are provided on each sheet for major settlement centres. The maps have sky-blue covers and there are eight sheets in the series. Scales vary: OS Landranger (1:50,000) The "general purpose" map. They have pink covers; 204 sheets cover the whole of Great Britain and the Isle of Man. The map shows all footpaths and the format is similar to the Explorer maps, but with less detail. OS Landranger Active (1:50,000) Select OS Landranger maps available in a plastic-laminated waterproof version, similar to the OS Explorer Active range. As of October 2009, 25 of the 204 Landranger maps were available as OS Landranger Active maps. OS Explorer (1:25,000) Specifically designed for walkers and cyclists. They have orange covers, and contain 403 sheets covering the whole of Great Britain (the Isle of Man is excluded from this series). These are the most detailed leisure maps that the Ordnance Survey publish and cover all types of footpaths and most details of the countryside for easy navigation. The OL branded sheets within the Explorer series show areas of greater interest (such as the Lake District, the Black Mountains, etc.) with an enlarged area coverage. They appear identical to the ordinary Explorer maps, except for the numbering and a little yellow mark on the corner (a relic of the old Outdoor Leisure series). The OS Explorer maps, together with the former Outdoor Leisure series, superseded the numerous green-covered Pathfinder maps. In May 2015 the Ordnance Survey announced that the new release of OL series maps would come with a mobile download version, available through a dedicated app on Android and iOS devices.[62] It is expected that this will be rolled out to all the Explorer and Landranger series over time. OS Explorer Active (1:25,000) OS Explorer and Outdoor Leisure maps in a plastic-laminated waterproof version. Activity Maps An experimental range of maps designed to support specific activities. The four map packs currently published are Off-Road Cycling Hampshire North, South, East and West. Each map pack contains 12 cycle routes printed on individual map sheets on waterproof paper. While they are based on the 1:25,000 scale maps, the scales have been adjusted so each route fits on a single A4 sheet. Route (1:625,000; discontinued 2010) A double-sided map designed for long-distance road users, covering the whole of Great Britain. Road (1:250,000; discontinued 2010) A series of eight sheets covering Great Britain, designed for road users. The last two, along with fifteen Tour maps, were discontinued during January 2010 as part of a drive for cost efficiency following the Great Recession. The Road series was reintroduced in September 2016.[63] App development In 2013, the Ordnance Survey released its first official app, OS MapFinder (still available, but no longer maintained), and has since added three more apps. In 2021, OS Maps added coverage in Australia. OS Maps Available on iOS and Android, the free to download app allows users to access maps direct to their devices, plan and record routes and share routes with others. Users can subscribe and download OS Landranger and OS Explorer high-resolution maps in 660dpi quality and use them without incurring roaming charges as maps are stored on the device and can be used offline – without Wi-Fi or mobile signal. OS Maps Web Available as a web page – it allows users to access maps from the web using modern web browsers, planning of custom routes and printing of maps is possible similarly to what the mobile applications can do OS Locate Launched in February 2014 and available on iOS and Android, the free app is a fast and highly accurate means of pinpointing a users exact location and displays grid reference, latitude, longitude and altitude. OS Locate does not need a mobile signal to function, so the inbuilt GPS system in a device can be relied upon. Custom products The Ordnance Survey also offers OS Custom Made, a print-on-demand service based on digital raster data that allows a customer to specify the area of the map or maps desired. Two scales are offered – 1:50,000 (equivalent to 40 km by 40 km) or 1:25,000 (20 km by 20 km) – and the maps may be produced either folded or flat for framing or wall mounting. Customers may provide their own titles and cover images for folded maps.[64] The Ordnance Survey also produces more detailed custom mapping to order, at 1:1,250 or 1:500 (Siteplan), from its large-scale digital data. Custom scales may also be produced from the enlargement or reduction of the existing scales. Educational mapping The Ordnance Survey supplies reproductions of its maps from the early 1970s to the 1990s for educational use. These are widely seen in schools both in Britain and in former British colonies, either as stand-alone geographic aids or as part of geography textbooks or workbooks. During the 2000s, in an attempt to increase schoolchildren's awareness of maps, the Ordnance Survey offered a free OS Explorer Map to every 11-year-old in UK primary education. By the end of 2010, when the scheme closed, over 6 million maps had been given away.[65] The scheme was replaced by free access to the Digimap for Schools[66] service provided by EDINA for eligible schools.[67] With the trend away from paper products towards geographical information systems (GISs), the Ordnance Survey has been looking into ways of ensuring schoolchildren are made aware of the benefits of GISs and has launched "MapZone", an interactive child-orientated website featuring learning resources and map-related games. The Ordnance Survey publishes a quarterly journal, principally for geography teachers, called Mapping News. Derivative and licensed products Bing Maps offers OS data as a layer for the whole of the UK. Philip's publishes OS data in its road and street atlases in book format.[68] One series of historic maps, published by Cassini, is a reprint of the Ordnance Survey first series from the mid-19th century but using the OS Landranger projection at 1:50,000 and given 1 km gridlines. This means that features from over 150 years ago fit almost exactly over their modern equivalents and modern grid references can be given to old features. The digitisation of the data has allowed the Ordnance Survey to sell maps electronically. Several companies are now licensed to produce the popular scales (1:50,000 and 1:25,000) and their own derived datasets of the map on CD/DVD or to make them available online for download. The buyer typically has the right to view the maps on a PC, a laptop, and a pocket PC/smartphone, and to print off any number of copies. The accompanying software is GPS-aware, and the maps are ready-calibrated. Thus, the user can quickly transfer the desired area from their PC to their laptop or smartphone, and go for a drive or walk with their position continually pinpointed on the screen. The individual map is more expensive than the equivalent paper version, but the price per square km falls rapidly with the size of coverage bought. Free access to historic mapping The National Library of Scotland provides free access to OS mapping from 1840 to 1970,[69] in a variety of scales from 1:1056 "five foot" maps of London to 1:625,000 "ten mile" national planning maps.[70] In addition, SABRE Maps provides free access to OS mapping from the end of World War 1 to the 1970s at small and intermediate scale mapping, including 1:25000, One Inch, Half Inch, Quarter Inch and Ten Mile scales, usually with a wider coverage of individual revisions than the NLS.[71] History of 1:63360 and 1:50000 map publications Main OS Great Britain 1:63360 (1 inch to 1 mile) and 1:50000 publications[72][73] Edition[72] Publication dates[72] Scale[72] Coverage[73][Notes 2] No. of sheets[73] Notes[72] Old Series (or First Edition[74]) 1805–1874 1:63360 EW 110 excluded Scotland; first published edition New Series (or Second Edition[74]) 1872–1897 1:63360 EWS 360EW+131S first using contour lines Revised New Series 1895–1904 1:63360 EWS 360EW+131S some colour sheets available Third Edition 1903–1919 1:63360 EWS 360EW+131S "Small sheet series" Third Edition 1906–1913 1:63360 EWS 152EW+131S "Large sheet series" in colour; also district and tourist editions Fourth Edition 1911–1912 1:63360 EWS – abandoned small sheet series Popular Edition 1919–1926 1:63360 EWS 146EW+92S large sheets; often mistakenly called Fourth Edition Fifth Edition 1931–1939 1:63360 part E – abandoned; many styles available War Revisions 1943–1945 1:63360 part EW – based on fifth and abandoned sixth editions New Popular (Sixth) Edition 1945–1947 1:63360 EW 64–190 excluded Scotland, national grid Seventh Series 1952–1962 1:63360 EWS 190 rights of way shown; ten colours Landranger Series 1974–present 1:50000 EWS 204 ongoing revisions Cartography and geodesy Main article: Ordnance Survey National Grid The Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain use the Ordnance Survey National Grid The Ordnance Survey's original maps were made by triangulation. For the second survey, in 1934, this process was used again and resulted in the building of many triangulation pillars (trig points): short (c. 4 feet/1.2 m high), usually square, concrete or stone pillars at prominent locations such as hill tops. Their precise locations were determined by triangulation, and the details in between were then filled in with less precise methods. Modern Ordnance Survey maps are largely based on orthorectified aerial photographs, but large numbers of the triangulation pillars remain, many of them adopted by private land owners. The Ordnance Survey still has a team of surveyors across Great Britain who visit in person and survey areas that cannot be surveyed using photogrammetric methods (such as land obscured by vegetation) and there is an aim of ensuring that any major feature (such as a new motorway or large housing development) is surveyed within six months of being built. While original survey methods were largely manual, the current surveying task is simplified by the use of Global Navigation Satellite System technology, allowing the most precise surveying standards yet.[75] The Ordnance Survey is responsible for a UK-wide network of continually operating GNSS stations known as "OS Net". These are used for surveying and other organisations can purchase the right to utilise the network for their own uses.[76] The Ordnance Survey still maintains a set of master geodetic reference points to tie Ordnance Survey geographic datum points to modern measurement systems such as GPS. Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain use the Ordnance Survey National Grid rather than latitude and longitude to indicate position. The Grid is known technically as OSGB36 (Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936) and was introduced after the 1936–1953 retriangulation.[77] On the British mainland for recording heights the Ordnance Survey maintains an orthometric system referenced to Ordnance Datum Newlyn, which is a height datum defined by mean sea level as measured in Newlyn, Cornwall, between 1915 and 1921.[77][78] In 2016 the Ordnance Survey redefined Ordnance Datum Newlyn causing a general upwards shift of circa 25mm; an effect of this included the Calf Top hill becoming a mountain.[79][80] The Ordnance Survey's CartoDesign team performs a key role in the organisation, as the authority for cartographic design and development, and engages with internal and external audiences to promote and communicate the value of cartography. They work on a broad range of projects and are responsible for styling all new products and services.[81] Research This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For several decades the Ordnance Survey has had a research department that is active in several areas of geographical information science, including: Spatial cognition Map generalisation Spatial data modelling Remote sensing and analysis of remotely sensed data Semantics and ontologies The Ordnance Survey actively supports the academic research community through its external research and university liaison team. The research department actively supports MSc and PhD students as well as engaging in collaborative research. Most Ordnance Survey products are available to UK universities that have signed up to the Digimap agreement and data is also made available for research purposes that advances the Ordnance Survey's own research agenda. Data access and criticisms See also: Open Data in the UK The Ordnance Survey has been subject to criticism. Most centres on the point that Ordnance Survey possesses a virtual government monopoly on geographic data in the UK,[82] but, although a government agency, it has been required to act as a trading fund (i.e. a commercial entity) from 1999 to 2015. This meant that it is supposed to be entirely self-funded from the commercial sale of its data and derived products whilst at the same time the public supplier of geographical information. In 1985, the Committee of Enquiry into the Handling of Geographic Information was set up to "advise the Secretary of State for the Environment within two years on the future handling of geographic information in the UK, taking account of modern developments in information technology and market needs".[83] The committee's final report, published in 1987 under the name of its chairman Roger Chorley, stressed the importance of accessible geographic information to the UK and recommended a loosening of policies on distribution and cost recovery. In 2007 the Ordnance Survey were criticised for contracting the public relations company Mandate Communications[84] to understand the dynamics of the free data movement and discover which politicians and advisers continued to support their current policies.[85] OS OpenData In response to the feedback from a consultation Policy options for geographic information from Ordnance Survey[86] the government announced that a package of Ordnance Survey data sets would be released for free use and re-use.[87] On 1 April 2010 the Ordnance Survey released[88] the brand OS OpenData[89] under an attribution-only licence compatible with CC-BY.[90] Various groups and individuals had campaigned for this release of data, but some were disappointed when some of the profitable datasets, including the leisure 1:50,000 scale and 1:25,000 scale mapping, as well as the low scale Mastermap were not included. These were withheld with the counter-argument that if licensees do not pay for OS data collection then the government would have to be willing to foot a £30 million per annum bill to obtain the future economic benefit of sharing the mapping.[91] In mid-2013 the Ordnance Survey described an "enhanced" linked-data service with a SPARQL 1.1-compliant endpoint and bulk-download options.[92] In June 2018, following the recommendations of the Geospatial Commission, part of the Cabinet Office,[93] it was announced that parts of OS Mastermap would be released under the Open Government Licence.[94] These would include: property extents created from OS MasterMap Topography Layer TOIDs from OS MasterMap Topography Layer, by integration into OpenMap Local Other data would be made available free up to small businesses (under a transaction threshold) OS MasterMap Topography Layer, including building heights and functional sites OS MasterMap Greenspace Layer OS MasterMap Highways Network OS MasterMap Water Network Layer OS Detailed Path Network These are available through APIs on the OS Data Hub.[95] Historical material Ordnance Survey historical works are generally available, as the agency is covered by Crown Copyright: works more than fifty years old, including historic surveys of Britain and Ireland and much of the New Popular Edition, are in the public domain. However, finding suitable originals remains an issue as the Ordnance Survey does not provide historical mapping on "free" terms, instead marketing commercially "enhanced" reproductions in partnership with companies including GroundSure and Landmark. The National Library of Scotland has been developing its archive to make Ordnance Survey maps for all of Great Britain more easily available through their website,[96] whilst the Society for All British and Irish Road Enthusiasts (SABRE) also has a large easily available archive for large numbers of Ordnance Survey maps across all of Great Britain, often with almost complete complete sets of all relevant map revisions.[71] Wikimedia Commons has complete sets of scans of the Old/First series one-inch maps of England and Wales;[97] of the Old/First series one-inch maps of Scotland;[98] of the Seventh Series One-inch maps of Great Britain (1952–1967);[99] of the Third Edition quarter-inch maps of England and Wales;[100] and of the Fifth Series quarter-inch maps of Great Britain.[101] These sets are complete in the sense of including at least one copy of each of the sheets in the series, not in the sense of including all revision levels. See also Maps portal Admiralty chart Alastair Macdonald, Director of Surveys and Production at Ordnance Survey 1982–1992 Benchmark (surveying) Cartography Directors of the Ordnance Survey Geoinformatics Grid reference Great Trigonometric Survey Irish national grid reference system Ordnance Survey National Grid Hydrography Hydrographic survey United Kingdom Hydrographic Office International Map of the World Geographers' A-Z Map Company, principal partner of the OS Martin Hotine, founder of the Directorate of Overseas Surveys National Map Reading Week (List of) national mapping agencies Ordnance datum (sea level) Ordnance Survey International Ordnance Survey Ireland Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland Romer, a device for accurate reading of grid references from a map Napoleonic Cadastre References Notes The Ordnance Survey deals only with maps of Great Britain, and, to an extent, the Isle of Man, but not Northern Ireland, which has its own, separate government agency, the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland. 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External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ordnance Survey. Official website Edit this at Wikidata Ordnance Survey research guide – The National Archives vte Department for Science, Innovation and Technology Headquarters: 100 Parliament Street Ministers Secretary of State: Peter Kyle MPMinister of State for Science, Research and Innovation: Lord Vallance of BalhamMinister of State for Data Protection and Telecoms: Sir Chris Bryant MPParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for AI and Digital Government: Feryal Clark MPParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety: Baroness Jones of Whitchurch Civil Service Permanent Secretary: Sarah MunbyGovernment Chief Scientific Adviser: Dame Angela McLeanNational Technology Advisor: Dr Dave Smith Executive agencies Building Digital UKIntellectual Property OfficeMet OfficeUK Space Agency Non-departmental public bodies Executive Advanced Research and Invention AgencyInformation Commissioner's OfficeUK Research and Innovation Arts and Humanities Research CouncilBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research CouncilEconomic and Social Research CouncilInnovate UKEngineering and Physical Sciences Research CouncilMedical Research CouncilNatural Environment Research CouncilResearch EnglandScience and Technology Facilities Council Tribunal Copyright Tribunal Public corporations National Physical LaboratoryOrdnance Survey Other British Technology InvestmentsIncubator for Artificial IntelligenceGovernment ChemistGovernment Digital ServiceGovernment Office for ScienceOfcomPhone-paid Services AuthorityRegulatory Horizons CouncilUK Shared Business Services vte Atlas CartographyGeographyGeovisualizationMapMap projectionTopography Early world mapsHistory of cartographyList of cartographers Animated mappingCartogramChoropleth mapGeologic mapLinguistic mapNautical chartPictorial mapThematic mapTopographic mapWeather map Category:MapsPortal:Atlas vte Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualizationChemical imagingCrime mappingData visualizationEducational visualizationFlow visualizationGeovisualizationInformation visualizationMathematical visualizationMedical imagingMolecular graphicsProduct visualizationScientific visualizationSocial visualizationSoftware visualizationTechnical drawingUser interface designVisual cultureVolume visualization Image types ChartDiagramEngineering drawingGraph of a functionIdeogramMapPhotographPictogramPlotSankey diagramSchematicSkeletal formulaStatistical graphicsTableTechnical drawingsTechnical illustration People Pre-19th century Edmond HalleyCharles-René de FourcroyJoseph PriestleyGaspard Monge 19th century Charles DupinAdolphe QueteletAndré-Michel GuerryWilliam PlayfairAugust KekuléCharles Joseph MinardFrancis Amasa WalkerJohn VennOliver ByrneMatthew SankeyCharles BoothJohn SnowFlorence NightingaleKarl Wilhelm PohlkeToussaint LouaFrancis Galton Early 20th century Edward Walter MaunderOtto NeurathW. E. B. Du BoisHenry GanttArthur Lyon BowleyHoward G. FunkhouserJohn B. PeddleEjnar HertzsprungHenry Norris RussellMax O. LorenzFritz KahnHarry BeckErwin Raisz Mid 20th century Jacques BertinRudolf ModleyArthur H. RobinsonJohn TukeyMary Eleanor SpearEdgar AndersonHoward T. Fisher Late 20th century Borden DentNigel HolmesWilliam S. ClevelandGeorge G. RobertsonBruce H. McCormickCatherine PlaisantStuart CardPat HanrahanEdward TufteBen ShneidermanMichael FriendlyHoward WainerClifford A. PickoverLawrence J. RosenblumThomas A. DeFantiGeorge FurnasSheelagh CarpendaleCynthia BrewerJock D. MackinlayAlan MacEachrenDavid GoodsellKwan-Liu MaMichael MaltzLeland WilkinsonAlfred Inselberg Early 21st century Ben FryJeffrey HeerJessica HullmanGordon KindlmannAaron KoblinChristopher R. JohnsonManuel LimaDavid McCandlessMauro MartinoJohn MaedaMiriah MeyerTamara MunznerAde OlufekoHanspeter PfisterHans RoslingClaudio SilvaMoritz StefanerFernanda ViégasMartin WattenbergBang WongHadley Wickham Related topics CartographyChartjunkColor codingComputer graphics in computer scienceCPK coloringGraph drawingGraphic designGraphic organizerImaging scienceInformation artInformation graphicsInformation scienceMisleading graphNeuroimagingPatent drawingScientific modellingSpatial analysisVisual analyticsVisual perceptionVolume cartographyVolume rendering Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International ISNI2VIAF National GermanyUnited StatesFranceBnF dataGreeceIsrael Other IdRefTe Papa (New Zealand) Categories: Ordnance Survey1791 establishments in Great BritainCartography organizationsDepartment for Science, Innovation and TechnologyGeodesy organizationsGeographical databases in the United KingdomGeography of Great BritainGeography organizationsGovernment databases in the United KingdomGovernment-owned companies of the United KingdomSurveying organizationsMaps of the United KingdomNational mapping agenciesOrganisations based in SouthamptonOrganizations established in 1791Geographic data and information organisations in the United KingdomSurveying of the United Kingdom Infamous Serial Killers Catching Killers In the end, they didn’t get away with murder. jeffrey dahmer walks into a wooden paneled room, he wears an orange jumpsuit Jeffrey Dahmer: A Timeline of His Murders, Arrests and Death accused murderer theodore bundy stares out at the photographer during the second day of jury selection in his murder trial in miami, fla, on june 27, 1979 bundy is accused in the bludgeoning deaths of two chi omega sorority sisters in tallahassee, jan 15, 1978 ap photo Ted Bundy Murders: Timeline of His Reign of Terro dennis rader btk killer BTK Killer: A Timeline of His Murders and Capture By Tyler Piccotti john wayne gacy mugshot Timeline of John Wayne Gacy's Trial and Execution gary ridgeway looks at the camera while buckled into a car seat, he wears a dark ball cap, tan jacket and red shirt The Timeline of Green River Killer Gary Ridgway By Tyler Piccotti Zodiac Killer cipher Gone Cold Why the Zodiac Killer Has Never Been Identified With his last known killing in October 1969, people still know very little about the murderer — including his name. Female Serial Killers aileen wuornos a person with the hands up Aileen Wuornos elizabeth bathory Elizabeth Bathory beverly allitt looks to the left of the camera while sitting, she wears a purple shirt and her light brown hair is cut short Beverley Allitt rosemary west Rosemary West Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Ted Bundy How Ted Bundy Helped Catch the Green River Killer By providing insight into the mind of a serial killer, Bundy aided detectives in capturing Gary Ridgway. Whereabouts Unknown Some are almost certainly dead, but others have managed to escape authorities. a police sketch of the zodiac killer on a wanted poster Zodiac Killer pedro alonso lopez Pedro Alonso Lopez jack the ripper Jack the Ripper belle gunness sits for a photo with a blank expression on her face, she wears a white blouse and her hair is in a bun Belle Gunness More Serial Killers richard ramirez holding a binder while standing in a courtroom Richard Ramirez hh holmes looks at the camera, he wears a bowler hat, jacket, collared shirt and tie and has a mustache H.H. Holmes edmund kemper Edmund Kemper israel keyes Israel Keyes David Berkowitz David Berkowitz albert de salvo Albert DeSalvo Andrew Cunanan meurtrier présumé de Gianni Versace Photo de promotion d'Andrew Cunanan, serial killer homosexuel, élève à la Bishop's High School. (Photo by Jamie Scott Lytle/Sygma via Getty Images) Andrew Cunanan harold shipman Harold Shipman rodney alcala looks to the left in a close up shot, he wears a collared shirt and has long flowing hair Rodney Alcala Alexander Pichushkin Alexander Pichushkin ian brady Ian Brady Keith Hunter Jesperson Keith Hunter Jesperson Logo x facebook instagram About Biography.com Newsletter Contact Us Other Hearst Subscriptions A Part of Hearst Digital Media A Part of Hearst Digital Media We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. ©2025 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks®protected in the US and other countries around the globe. Privacy NoticeTerms of UseCA Notice at CollectionDAA Industry Opt OutYour CA Privacy Rights/Shine the Light

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